Psychological Estrangement in Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay -- Tragedy of

Psychological Estrangement in Shakespeare’s "Hamlet" In Shakespeare’s "Hamlet", the main character, Hamlet, is burdened with attaining revenge on his murdered father’s behalf from the king of Denmark, King Claudius. In attempting to kill Claudius, Hamlet risks enduring estrangement occurring within himself at multiple psychological levels. The levels of estrangement that risk Hamlet’s psychological sense of identity are religious estrangement, moral estrangement, estrangement from countrymen, estrangement from his mother, and estrangement from women in general. Hamlet feels self-actualized from following basic religious principles of living. This is shown by Hamlet’s refusal to commit murder thus preventing Hamlet from committing suicide at a time when he felt like doing so to avenge his father’s death because both murder and suicide are considered sins (Cahn 97). " To be, or not to be, that is the question:/ Whether’ tis nobler in the mind to suffer/ The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune/ or to take arms a sea of troubles†¦", (Act III, I.) Hamlet is questioning if it is worth living in such misery or not as everyday he is burdened with trying to avenge his father’s death. At this stage Hamlet is suicidal and risks himself being estranged from his religious principals as he begins to think of suicide. If Hamlet were to kill Claudius, he would be violating a central religious principle against murdering another human being. Both suicide and murdering King Claudius would make him feel guilt at having violated religious coda, thus representing estrangement at the level of his religious consciousness (Knight 14). As Hamlet has the duty to avenge his father’s death by killing his father’s murderer, the King, Hamlet risks estrangement at the religious level. Hamlet is also principled in a moral sense. To kill a king would mean violating his internal conviction against committing crimes that might harm the hierarchical order of a state's government (Scott 56). This is one of the reasons that Hamlet with a sword in his hand does not kill Claudius while he finds him in an act of praying. Deceit is also one of the main moral issues Hamlet has to face in order to avenge his father’s death that violates his moral conviction of being loyal. Hamlet risks estrangement from his moral sense as he decides to put on an antic disposition in order to tric... .... These facts disturb him by making him feel weary and estranged of women’s' emotional weaknesses, which in turn make him feel weary of women in general. That weariness of women threatens his sense of self-actualization, because it is much more difficult for him to carry on a normal sex life if he feels estranged by women in general; a heterosexual man who is unable to carry on a normal sex life with women (Cahn 91). In attempting to kill Claudius, Hamlet risks psychological estrangement that he will likely experience psychological estrangement occurring on multiple levels. He would feel estrangement of his bond of motherly love, his bond of womanly love, his bond of friendship, his bondage to his religious and normative principles, and his bond to his professional colleagues. Many different forms of estrangement occurring simultaneously risk his psychological sense of identity. The realization that he faces such enormous pressures shapes his seemingly bizarre behavior in the play, and makes him struggle against the awesome weight of his obligation to destroy Claudius. All of this, of course, is in addition to his basic fear of being executed if he attempts to kill Claudius.

Costs of Conflict Essay

Conflict produces several things that are often times not seen and most of it loses. It can be considered as the cost of conflict, which represents a drain of resources on the part of the parties that are involved. It also causes unhappiness and discomfort. Although it is not clearly seen in many cases but conflict does cost and it cost a lot of which money is involved. We may not see it but being into some kind of conflict does cost us money and other things that are considered to be valuable and these are considered as the cost of conflict. Conflict really does cost a lot in several forms however, these forms can be classified into five types defending on how money is lost in resolving the said conflict and how the conflict affects the persons involved. Cost of conflicts can be direct cost and opportunity cost that is divided into direct loss and opportunity cost, continuity cost and emotional cost. Although these are different from one another but it does not necessarily mean that the cost of conflict can be classified into one of these categorize. A conflict may cost two or three type of these types and even all of them. Most people have the inability to face conflicts and so they hire professionals to settle the conflict, this is called direct cost. The amount that the conflict cost can be seen visibly and counted as well because they involve money directly for the resolution of the conflict. Those that are involved in the conflict pay people like lawyers and other professionals to solve the problem. By doing so, it can clearly be seen that the particular conflict cost money. An example would be divorce in which a couple pays legal fees in order to be separated from each other in the legal way. This of course cost much and for those that the only asset is their home, they even transform their residence in order to provide the legal fees needed for the divorce paper. Another cot of conflict is the productivity cost the person’s time as well as the value of his or her effort that is lost in the conflict. This form is divided into 2 types; the direct loss and the opportunity cost. The direct loss is the value of money that a particular person should be paid for but had not been paid because of the conflict. If a particular company employee had been absent in his or her work because a conflict arise that he or she must settle then he will not receive payment for the time that is used in solving the conflict. Opportunity cost on the other hand refer to the value of money that someone might be earning if his or her energy had been focused on the producing products in which he is being paid for. An example would be people who are being paid depending on the amount of work that they are able to finish. If a sewer is paid depending on the number of items that she is able to do then, the energy and time wasted on resolving a conflict will affect that person’s income. Continuity cost on the other hand includes the lost of relationships and even community because of conflicts. The main cause of this kind of cost is being stuck in the past conflict that happened. If two employees of a certain company have problems with each other, they will not be able to work effectively. This will be for the company’s disadvantage that will cause losses and will greatly affect the work place. Also if because of the conflict they decided to quit and look for another job, a community is lost; the community of the employees in which they had work for some time. The last cost of category of costs of conflict involves the emotions or inner state of the persons involved, the emotional cost. When it comes to conflicts I can say that it is the most common type of cost that a conflict is likely to develop. There are times in which it is so hard to let go of hurts that occurred in a conflict. It might be because of a fight with those that you do not know like someone that bumps into your car and even those that are close to you like your friends, coworkers and even members of the family. We are help prisoners by negative emotions like anger, fear and grip that we cannot let go. These emotions held us captive and make us unproductive. It saps our energies that should be focused on our job or doing something worthwhile. Instead of focusing on the business we are consumed by anger and vengeance for the other person especially in cases in which we feel that we had been maltreated or had been abused or oppressed. We kept on telling ourselves that the wrongdoer had to be punished for what he or she had done. We use our energy on our negative emotions adding to the loss that we already had on the time of the conflict. The energy and time that we use will never be recovered and as long as we focused on these negative emotions, more and more energy and time will be lost. A conflict may involve these types of costs; it may cost the person’s money directly trough hiring professionals or indirectly like the time that could have been used for earning. Also because of the same conflict your community in which you work for may be lost. Also the hurts of that particular conflict may enslave you causing you to be unproductive and full of grief and revenge for the wrongdoer. Examining closely these costs we can realize that being involve in a conflict really does cost a lot. However being involved in a conflict cannot be totally avoided because we really cannot please everybody. What is important is that in every experience that we had, we are able to learn valuable lessons that teach us how to live our lives the best way that we can. If you commit the same mistake twice, it is definitely your fault. We cannot be good to all but we must learn to be good to us much as we can in order to minimize being involved in a conflict because no matter how the situation ends, we will certainly never win. We will definitely lose something of importance and of value. Reference Overveen, C. (No Date). The many Costs of Conflicts. Retrieved December 6, 2007 from http://www. trimitra. com/articles/costsofconflict. html Levine, S. (1998 December). The Many Costs of Conflicts. Innovative Leader Volume 7, page 12. Retrieved December 6, 2007 from http://www. winstonbrill. com/bril001/html/article_index/articles35

How Steinbeck creates sympathy for Candy in Of Mice and Men

How does Steinbeck create sympathy for Candy and his position on the ranch? Of Mice and Men is a novel written by John Steinbeck, set in America in the Great Depression of the 1930s. The main characters in the book are the clever, quick George, and his slow, child-like companion Lennie. They are itinerant workers who find work on a ranch in California’s Salinas Valley. There are many characters on the ranch, including Curley, Slim, and Crooks. However, the first ranch worker George and Lennie meet is the general cleaner/handyman, Candy. Steinbeck gives the reader a first impression of Candy as a ‘tall, stoop-shouldered old man’ with only one hand. The author constantly refers to him as ‘the old man’, ‘the old swamper’, and ‘old†¦show more content†¦Candy and his dog also draw similarities to George and Lennie, who are companions. When the dog is shot, and Candy is alone, it foreshadows what will happen to Lennie and how George will be alone. But the difference is that Candy lets Carlson shoot the dog, while George will not let anyone but himself shoot Lennie. However, Candy later admits that he ‘ought to of shot that dog myself’, which again creates sympathy for him, because the reader knows that he regrets letting Carlson shoot the dog for him. When Candy hears about George and Lennie’s dream, he is ‘entranced’, and when he is accepted to achieve the dream with them, he shares the dream. He wants the dream just as much as George and Lennie do, and his ‘greatest fear’ is the loss of the dream. However, when Lennie dies, the dream dies with him, and Candy is left with no hope. This creates sympathy for Candy, as he is in a worse position now than he was at the start of the novel, because now he has an understanding of what could have been. Despite this, when Curley’s wife dies, Candy is clearly more upset by the loss of the dream than by her death, which creates a sense of antipathy for Candy. Steinbeck makes use of Candy’s name to emphasise Candy’s nature and his lowly position on the ranch. ‘Candy’ is a synonym for ‘sweets’, which are commonly associated with children. Many people describe children as ‘sweet’ and ‘innocent’ andShow MoreRelatedThe Character Crook from Steinbecks Novel Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationships and vocabulary and language in relation to the social status of certain characters. There is an authorial judgement of Crooks and the introduction of Crooks into the novel. Also, Steinbeck ´s style is demonstrated very well. The descriptions in the extract reflect the style of Steinbeck as he lists Crooks ´ possessions in a simple way inorder for the reader to understand the bareness of Crooks ´ life. This includes a mauled copy of the California civil code for 1905. ´ This alongRead More Of Mice and Men Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesOf Mice and Men John Steinbeck’s novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ is one of those books which make you believe everything that takes place between the covers. Books like these always remain as classics, because of their very informative and believable stories. John Steinbeck especially excels in this, and therefore is the reason I have chosen this book to describe. ‘Of Mice and Men’, the title of the novel, originates from the poem ‘To a Mouse’, by Robert Burns. It means that no matter what youRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel Of Mice And Men 1530 Words   |  7 PagesSteinbeck’s novel was written and set in the 1930s. In the novella, of Mice and Men, the autor gave his characters The American Dream but the obsacles always seem to get in the way. Steinbeck show us the theme, American Dream, as it is in real life and demonstrates the effect of isolation through prejudice, broken dreams and the setting. Every character from the ranch is discriminated in Of Mice and Men. The book Of mice and men was written in a period when people with mental illness were treatedRead MoreNew Log : Of Mice And Men892 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 30, 2015 New Log: Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck John Steinbeck creates an odd pair of men to assume the role of protagonist in his novel, Of Mice and Men. George, a small and quick-witted man, is the dominant personality. Lennie, his clumsy companion, is a character who displays a child-like demeanor and is often compared to an animal throughout the novel. The couple’s relationship closely resembles that which is often found between a father and son. Steinbeck later introduces Curley,Read MoreOf Mice and Men by John Steinbeck1081 Words   |  4 PagesIn Steinbeck’s ‘of mice and men’ set in 1930’s, both Crooks and Curley’s wife are defenseless victims of social prejudice which leads to their sadness and depression. Crooks, being a black man is discriminated and segregated towards by all the other ranchers â€Å"They play cards in there but I can’t play because I’m black- Crooks† whereas Curley’s wife being a woman is expected to stay at home and take care of the house â€Å"Why dont she get the hell back in the house where she belongs- Carlson†. FurthermoreRead MoreOF MICE AND MEN1721 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿In the book Of Mice and Men, the single women that appeared in the book resented herself as an object. The statement Women today are more often treated by men as equals rather than objects can be true or false. A man that goes to Gentleman s Cubs every night is a different man that studies at Harvard Law School. A striper is going to be a different person than a CEO of a successful business. It’s all about how you present yourself. In Of Mice and Men, Curley s wife presents herself in a seductiveRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 1181 Words   |  5 PagesQ) How does Steinbeck present the good and bad in Curley’s wife? Of mice and men is a novel written by John Steinbeck, which was published in 1937. This novel is set in the 1930’s America when women’s were being oppressed. This story informs the reader about Steinbeck’s experience in those particular times, as people with different races, disabilities and especially women were treated poorly and below their status. When Curley’s wife first appears in the book, she is described negatively by theRead MoreThe American Dream998 Words   |  4 PagesYet when society lacks these basic behaviors, the American Dream is unattainable. John Steinbeck’s classic novel, Of Mice and Men, incorporates various characters which create sympathy in readers, characters such as Lennie, Curley’s wife, and Crooks. First, an exploration of Lennie’s character with his struggle between mental and physical strength elicits an abundance of sympathy. Lennie Smalls is anything but small. Lennies last name is an oxymoron as he is a very large man. George describes hisRead MoreEssay Symbolism of Loneliness in ‘Of Mice and Men’ by Steinbeck925 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism of Loneliness in ‘Of Mice and Men’ by Steinbeck Steinbeck’s novel ‘of mice and men’ is set in the time of the Great Depression after the stock market crash of 1929. The currency is almost worthless and people can afford little possessions. Because of the situation there are many people moving from place to place to find work. This means they are never in one place long enough to form any relationships, so this is a very lonely existence: â€Å"Guys likeRead MoreHow Curleys wife is presented in Of Mice and Men by Steinbeck2118 Words   |  9 PagesExplore the ways one or two minor characters are presented in the text â€Å"Of Mice and Men† â€Å"I never get to talk to nobody† – Curley’s Wife Of mice and men is a novella set in the 1930s. It is based on the theme of dreams and how they are crushed, amongst others. This book also gives an insight into the lives of men and women on ranch in America during the depression. Women pot the right to vote in the late 1920s, but during the depression, people lost interest in the women’s rights. There was a

Separation Of Church And State Essay - 1513 Words

Separation of church and state is a defined as, the understanding of the intent, and function of the Establishment Clause, and Free Exercise Clause. The Combination of church and state has been a topic that, many generations have struggled with for centuries. The first amendment of the constitution states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law about our religious beliefs, or prohibiting our free exercise of religion† If we put our faith in the constitution to define the founding father’s standpoint of separation of church and state, then we have definitely misinterpreted their stance on religion. Many people believe the reference to separation of church and state is in the original constitution, but the truth is, the references, often conceptualized and misinterpreted as intertwining with our religious freedom, but that is not the truth. Separation of Church and State says, the church must refrain from government, and the government will abstain from religious dictation. The reason for the establishment and free exercise clause in the U.S constitution is to restrain the power of the federal government from the tyrannical reign on religious freedoms. England established the Pope as head of church and state. A man named Thomas Jefferson, who wrote a book about a group of Baptists in Dan bury, first coined the term separation of church and state. It declares that people do a task for the government, and cannot enforce a religious judgment on others. Thomas Jefferson once stated â€Å"IShow MoreRelatedSeparation Of Church And State1446 Words   |  6 Pagesthe separation of church and state still necessary in the overall legal and social aspects of a modern society such as the United States? Research and history show that maintaining the church separate from the government is important for the ongoing success of a fre e and well functioning society. Separation of church and state is a political and legal doctrine which states that government and religious institutions are to be kept separate and independent from one another. Ideally, the church shouldRead MoreThe Separation Of Church And State902 Words   |  4 PagesA Closer look at the Separation of Church and State in the United States Although â€Å"God† is mentioned in the Constitution, this country was built upon the principle of separation of church and state. Despite this ideal, those elected into office: propose, pass, and deny laws based on their religious beliefs, completely disregarding the previously mentioned principle. The problem with that is that the country is so ethnically and culturally diverse that one religion representing an entire nation ofRead MoreThe separation of church and state1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe separation of church and state has been a long debated topic in the history of America. Although founded upon Christian ideals, the framers of the Constitution explicitly outlined the government to function secularly, in what is commonly referred to as the â€Å"Establishment Clause†. When interpreting the Constitution in regards to religion, there are two primary philosophies. The first philosophy this paper will explore will be referred to as Positive Toleration. In gen eral, the idea of positiveRead MoreSeparation of Church and State701 Words   |  3 PagesSeparation of Church and State To understand Locke’s argument for the separation of church and state you first need to understand what the purpose of the government is. Locke stated that the government is supposed to support civil interest. These civil interests include property, life, and security. Therefore the government’s job is to protect the civil interests of the people using force lawfully. Once Locke institutes the power of the government he develops three important assumptions vitalRead MoreSeparation Of Church And State1095 Words   |  5 PagesThe separation of church and state has been encountered and challenged several times in the Supreme Court, which was first mentioned by Thomas Jefferson. However it is not solidly stated in the Constitution on what is right or wrong and good or bad. This theory was modified from various elements from the Constitution essentially the first and fourteenth amendments. In the first amendment it is written Congress shall make no law respecting an esta blishment of religion or prohibiting the free exerciseRead MoreThe Separation Of Church And State1632 Words   |  7 Pages We are currently living in a time where freedom of religion is guaranteed in the United States. It has been since the first amendment of the Declaration of Independence was adopted in 1791. The first amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting the establishment of religion or impeding the free exercise of religion ( (Rotunda, 2004). This amendment established the separation of church and government that our country was founded on and still practices today. We as Americans are freeRead MoreSeparation Of Church And State1825 Words   |  8 PagesSeparation of church and state refers to the division of the relationship between religion and government. Various laws apply to different countries around the world about the separation of church and state. Some involve religion so much into their daily lives; it controls how their country is run. In other places, where it is not mandated as much, it becomes a problem in disputing what is and what is not right. The United States of America faces this issue as they struggle deciding what the meaningRead MoreThe Separation Of Church And State1594 Words   |  7 Pagesdirection and control exercised over the actions of the members, citizens, and inhabitants of communities, societies, and states. While documents have been written to help the leaders of our country, there is constant debate over what changes need to be made. Some believe that the country is falling apart while others think minor adjustments need to be made. The separation of church and state is also a topic of debate. The question of what needs to be changed and where religion falls in all of this are alwaysRead MoreThe Separation Of Church And State Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesThe separation between church and state is a debate that continues to grow with tension as the culture of America rapidly polarizes. A long-standing claim that America was founded on Christian doctrine is a common argument in favor of the church and state to remain tog ether, yet the most commonly used metaphor explaining what the â€Å"Separation of Church and State† contextually means in today’s terms is simply that government and religion should not coincide with one another in any capacity. EvidenceRead MoreThe Separation Of Church And State2095 Words   |  9 Pagesnation. It was clear that individuals should be allowed to make up their own minds about how they choose to worship, if they worship at all. For years the constitutionality of the separation of church and state has been debated, many people have analyzed and reanalyzed Thomas Jefferson’s famous saying â€Å"A Wall of Separation† in his letter to the Danbury Baptist. Many religious people believe that the government is slowly taking our right to freedom of religion, the reason our country was founded, away

Analysis Of Bharati Mukherjee s Two Ways Essay - 1153 Words

When you’re walking down the street and see a group of tattooed men of color and your first instinct is to cross the street is this due to internalized racism or does past experiences validate your prejudice? Or when you sit with a group of people all speaking a common language other than your own, is your discomfort and insecurity rationalized? The film Crash explores the lives of different socio-economic groups and their experiences dealing with prejudice and stereotypes or being on the other end of it. The concept of various â€Å"American Identities† are explored within the film. We see the white woman who fears people of color. The African American male who’s so anti-white he becomes the stereotypes he’s supposedly against. The Latino male who based on appearance is profiled and many more characters. All these individuals created these identities for themselves to exist in America. In Bharati Mukherjee’s â€Å"Two Ways to Belong in Americaâ₠¬  we see this theme being shared when Mukherjee and her sister Mira arrive in America and must find their own way to exist in this new country. Racism isn’t something an individual is born with. It is a trait created from past experiences and ignorance. In the film Crash Sandra Bullocks character states, â€Å"... and it was my fault because I knew it was gonna happen. But if a white person sees two black men walking towards her and she turns and walks in the other direction, she s a racist, right?† But is her internalized racism towards theseShow MoreRelatedThe Indian Diaspora By Vijay Mishra1120 Words   |  5 Pagesdiaspora is unhappy in its own† (1), Vijay Mishra in his scholarly work The Literature of the Indian Diaspora, the first line of the â€Å"Introduction† chapter (echoes Anna Karenina â€Å"Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.†) poignantly marks the predicament of diasporic subject, occupying â€Å"a border zone† (1) along with their problematic association in dealing with historic specificity of time and place. He begins theorizing diaspora (in the broadest sense and specificallyRead More The Minority Predicament: An Analysis of Asian American Success and the Model Minority Paradigm2052 Words   |  9 PagesThe Minority Predicament: An Analysis of Asian American Success and the Model Minority Paradigm My grandmother sent me a letter from home, telling the success story of her old Chinese tenants who, through hard work, had become very wealthy in the 9 short years they lived in America. My grandmother embraces the belief that with hard work, patience and a little help from the model minority stereotype, someday Asians will gain full approval of white America. She believes that Asian Americans areRead MoreArguments for and Against Business Ethics,11007 Words   |  45 PagesSCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS FOR BBA (INDUSTRY INTEGRATED) PROGRAMME w.e.f. SESSION 2009-2010 (Under Public Private Parternership Scheme) FIRST YEAR 1st Semester Title of the Paper(s) Business Organization Business Communication Skills - Workshop Business Mathematics Computer Fundamentals and Applications Economic Policy and Analysis Financial Accounting Environment Management External Marks (Theory) 70 50 70 50 70 70 70 Internal Assessment Marks 30 50 30 30 30 30 Practical Marks 50 Total Marks 100 100 100Read MoreEffects and Implications of Coalition Governments on the Political Scnerio in India16277 Words   |  66 Pagesof coalition parties. These characteristics stem from different institutional and political situations that coalitions face, but are also connected to long-standing psychological explanations of group decision making. Our study is a quantitative analysis using published data on the characteristics of coalitions. Politics of India The place in a framework of a federal parliamentary multi-party representative democratic republic modeled after the British Westminster System. The Prime Minister of India

Persian Wars Cause of the 499-404 B.C.E Free Essays

The Persian wars are often compared to the Trojan wars due to the effects they had on Greek history. Athenians who were cultural and politically superior to the Greek considered the wars against Persia as some of the defining and greatest moments in their history (McKay, Hill, Buckler, Buckley, Wiesner-Hanks, 2008a). Despite the defining effects that the Persian wars had on the history of the Athenian and the Greek, their beginning was nothing big. We will write a custom essay sample on Persian Wars: Cause of the 499-404 B.C.E or any similar topic only for you Order Now In mid sixth century BCE, Croesus who was the king of the Lydians took control of all Greek cities along the Asian Minor coast (McKay, Bennett, Beck, Crowston, Wiesner-Hanks, 2008a). When the Persians conquered the Lydians around 545 BCE all states that were under the Lydians came under the rule of the Persians (McKay, Bennett, Beck, Crowston, Wiesner-Hanks, 2008b). The Persian approach to leadership was defined by close control and they appointed officials who ruled states under a system that can only be defined as tyrannical. Citizens under the system implemented by the Persians were required to pay extremely high taxes and serve in the Persian army (McKay, Bennett, Buckler, 2003a). Many revolution in history have generally been caused by oppressions and system that are degenerate in terms of social development. The Persian approach to government bore all the classical signs of tyranny and close governance. Under such system the mechanism that will worst affect the weak are made as effective as possible and in the Persian case this was not different. Their most effective system was the tax collection system which collected taxes in a manner that had no bearing on the earning made by individuals and the failure to submit returns could even result in hanging (McKay, Bennett, Buckler, 2003b). The rulers were imposed on the Greeks, Lydians and Athenian and the kind of rule that such leaders used was oppressive. The rulers kept close contact with the events that happened on the ground which is a characteristic of an approach to leadership that is either oppressive or concerned with the welfare of its members; in this case the former was more relevant. The pressure placed by the Persian government led to underground revolution which were propagated by the opportunism of Aristagoras. Aristagoras sought help from the Spartans and Athenians (McKay, Hill, Buckler, Buckley, Wiesner-Hanks, 2008a). The later helped him in though by 495 BCE all rebellious Greek cities has been restored under the Persian government. This did not spell the end of war due to the attention than the Athenians had gotten from Persia for the role they played in the destruction of Ardis. The revenge mission and the expertise that the Athenians had in Hippias who had been a member of the Persian army led to what is referred to as the battle marathon (McKay, Hill, Buckler, Buckley, Wiesner-Hanks, 2008b). By the end of the marathon Greece began an ambitious navy building project due to the influence of Themistocles which propagated the war into a war for supremacy. In summary, the war started by the need for freedom and independence catalyzed by a leaders who was out to fulfill his personal agenda. By gaining support from other states the Persians were defeated due to their lack of commitment to the war. The marathon which served to propagate the Persian war was mainly out of the need for revenge by the Persians and its ‘marathon’ stature is resultant of the resistance the Persians got from the well prepared Athenians and Persians. Towards the end of the war the objective was more about gain of supremacy. In the end, the Athenians got all the glory though the role played by the Spartans in the Persian wars can never be underestimated. How to cite Persian Wars: Cause of the 499-404 B.C.E, Papers

Oil and Gas Management International Energy Policies

Question: Write an essay on International Energy Policies? Answer: The prices of the crude oil witnessed a substantial hike during the year 2013-14 which was regarded as stable. The standards for crude oil which had been internationally traded is Brent and lies between the range $100-155 per barrel. The oil price trend reveals that the stable is short sighted and that it does not linger long to be stable but we can rely on Brent prices of oil to be normal. But recently a decline in the oil prices by 40% was seen in June 2014. (GLOBAL TRENDS IN OIL GAS MARKETS TO 2025, 2015) The decline in the oil prices has benefited many nations like India but has affected some of the members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) as it has decided not to curtail its production in order to raise their prices. (The Economist, 2013) This situation aggravated the reduction in oil prices. The saturation of the global oil markets is a result of the increased supply of oil in the markets which has eventually reduced the prices of oil. The ideal step that should have been taken by the member countries in this regard was to decrease the oil supplies so that a situation of excess supply will drive up the prices of oil. Once the pace of the oil price is settled the member countries can again converge to the high production scenario and increase its production. It is the duty of the OPEC to observe and monitor the actions of the Member countries and prevent their dishonest and rogue behavior. (Greiner, 2014) Saudi Arabia is one of the member countries that have decided not to suppress its production of oil. This country is believed to face a crux situation and a victim of nervous politics. The decision of Saudi Arabia to maintain the same level or increase the oil production was out of fear and anxiousness to lose the share and global position in the oil markets. The fall in the Brent crude oil prices for the year 2014 is shown below. (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) We can say that the relation that oil, energy and the direction of the international politics is entangled. The main focus of the US is on the two nations: Iran and Russia. (Nardelli et al., 2014)The motive of the US is to dampen the image of both the nations through the fluctuations in the oil prices. Russia is a weak nation and the decline in the oil prices affect this nation adversely as the foreign capital flow into the country will decrease. It would require for Russia to reform its foreign policies and improve its status. Iran has incriminated Saudi Arabia for the decline in the oil prices because of the fact that it refused to curtail its oil production which is shown by the chart given below where the oil production is high during June to August 2014. (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) The low oil prices meant that revenues earned from the sale of oil will be low. Iran thus earned low oil revenue. It can be deciphered that it is the work of the US through coercion on Saudi Arabia t o weaken the economic condition of Iran and leave the country with no option but to sign the deal on nuclear power with the US. (Oil Price Review, 2013) This would result in the loss of nuclear capability of Iran. The decline in the oil prices has also benefited certain nations previously but with China the case goes in different direction. China is the emerging industrialized country and it had huge plans to introduce shale gas. This is because China want its nation to be self reliant and self sufficient in energy. But if China was successful in implementing such a plan then it would definitely hamper the position of the US. So the US with its power was able to influence the international companies that would help China to set up the shale gas. These international companies which eventually assisted the US to build its own shale gas were incurring loss due to decreased production and high cost. Left with no other option these companies had to withdrew and discontinue their investments on projects like the one in China. Thus China can be regarded as the next victim. The other nations were facing a destructive and damaging phases due to the unusual decision of the OPEC. The damaging impact of O PEC on its other member countries like Libya and Venezuela deteriorated the economic position of the countries. The downswing of the oil price will have a long lasting effect on the Non OPEC Countries. (Reuters, 2015) The Non OPEC countries were anticipated to increase their production but at a slower rate. This would prevent the North American energy companies to earn lower profits. The strategies and policies that can be implemented by the Non OPEC Countries are explained with respect to the US economy. (Peakoil.com, 2015) With virtue of the decline in the oil price the US can reform energy policies and can even restrict the subsidies it spends on fossil fuel, can allure investors who would augment the oil price increase relative to OPEC and increase their revenues. From the chart below we can see that the production of crude oil in the USA followed an upward trend in the year 2014-15. (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) The agreements that are used in the oil and natural gas industries can be segregated into two types which are concessions and contractual agreements. Concession agreements involve equity interest and royalties that are calculated from the production value and income taxes on the total income. Contractual agreements consist of production share, contracts regarding service and risk connected to the contracts. The factors that influence the agreement depend on the type of agreement implemented by the resource holder. While formulating the concession agreement exclusive rights of Exploration and Production of the oil companies must be granted by the states concerned, finance and taxation responsibilities must be on the oil companies, the domestic supply of oil and gas and the sources of cash flow, and costs and benefits must be included. (Alramahi, 2015) Many countries put the energy policies on the spotlight. The Czech Republic has implemented the State Energy Strategy in order to decrease its lignite production. Germany in this regard has also introduced annual progress report for creating awareness on the countrys energy policy. Canada also introduced The Responsible Resource Development Plan with a view to achieve the goals and change its regulatory system. The procedure of building infrastructure of the energy sector has been eased out by the Netherland to retain the national interest. Sweden has also taken a step forward than all other nation by planning to launch a fossil fuel free automobile by the year 2030. It also taxes the individuals, companies and factories on carbon dioxide emission which made the nation a carbon free one.teh USA had implemented a Climate Action Plan for prevention of greenhouse gas emission. The plan aimed at reducing carbon pollution, preparing for climate change and combating any global climate chan ges. (Energy Policy Highlights, 2015) The challenges that the international energy policies face make its implementation robust and needs a solution. While initiating projects and policies the energy sector must consider the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (Barker and Jones, 2013)and spatial planning else there can arise complications. The policy making must be assisted by a committee of expertise so that the energy policies are implemented without distortions. Without such expertise the policies may be criticized on several grounds. (Oilandgasuk.co.uk, 2015)One of the challenges that the energy sector faces is the interference at the national level regarding the implementation of the policies. This may not be preferred or welcomed by most of the local and regional governments as a result country clash can occur. Another restriction that is imposed on the formulation of the energy policies is the lack of appropriate and complete data on prices and consumption of international energy by the household, transportation sector and other trading sectors. In this regard the energy companies must hire an energy expert who can monitor and formulate suitable policies and also appoint a skilled executive who would and maintain a smooth connection between EIA and the spatial planning and help to assemble correct data. (generator, 2015) The important aspect that provides direction to the global economy is the world demand and supply of products. The rise in the population attributed the rise in the world demand. The challenge here is that with the increased population and increased demand, there will be rise in the demand for oil which the oil companies have to satisfy with increased production. It is important for OPEC to check out the emerging powerhouses like the ones in China and India which is depicted in the charts below. These powerhouses can pose a threat to the other oil companies which would impact the demand and supply of the oil as they are supposed to race with the developed nations through the per capita energy use. The complexity of the challenges also arises from the environmental and geopolitical discord. (Forbes, 2015) Both the charts show that during june-july 2014, the oil production was high for both countries though the production for India(Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) is low relative to China. (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) The access to resources of oil is limited for the oil companies as the major portion which is about 80 percent of the resources are in the hands of the National Oil Companies (NOCs) and host governments. This can be counted as a challenge to the oil companies. The oil industries must have services being rendered in the field of engineering, drilling, procurement and constructions purposes which involves high cost. For the heavy scale industries, technology is an important factor. Purchasing machines means making business investment but what is more important and cost impending is the recruitment of skilled and experienced technical porfessionals that have the capacity to operate such complex machines and technology. All these would mean that the industry will incur more cost. Now an increased cost must be curtailed in two ways either by increasing the sales or raising the prices. Considering the oil prices and its instability, oil companies can never rely on the price to cover up the cost. What they can to si to incrfease the oil production to mitigate the increase in the cost. There is an immediate need to mordernize the oil sector by introducing and installing new technology or in other words technological advancement is required in the oil sector. Now we have already discussed about the higher cost associated with the technological upgradation. The rise in the population at a geometric rate causes a rise in demand. This increased demand would impose the companies to produce more and in doing so the companies must update their machines and technology to increase production. The other side of the technological advancement is that when experienced employees are hired to operate the machines, there is also a cut in the unskilled and inefficient labour. This causes an unemployment in the economy. One of the ways to combat the challenges of the oil and gas industries is by executing cost effective way to production process. The oil and gas industry must also increase their Barrels of oil equivalencies (BOEs) and enforce change process management. The error that the oil and gas sector is commiting repeatedly is the objective of their business. The oil and gas industries mainly focuses on reducing cost and using cost effective ways to produce oil. But in this regard the sector is unable to identify that such cost effective solutions can be applied to sectors whose market conditions are narrow. The strategy that the oil companies can be recommended is that they must be concerned about the supply of assets and examine their acess to other markets. It is also recommended that these companies must ensure that their presence in markets where there acess is low is not short sighted and they must take steps as to prevent price bidding war. 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